Making difficult decisions show up in life more often than...

Making difficult decisions show up in life more often than realized. These choices can alter a person’s life in good and bad ways. â€Å"The Bicycle† by Jillian Horton is a story that focuses on a young talented pianist named Hannah. Throughout the story Hannah deals with the strict teachings of her Tante Rose, which leads her to make ironic decisions. Similarly, in the story â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else† by Hernando Tellez, the barber undergoes a dilemma in which he must consider his moral values before making his final decision. Both stories have a protagonist that face conflicts which lead to difficult decision making, and in the end leads the characters to discover themselves. In both stories the authors use the literary devices theme, irony†¦show more content†¦Horton and Tellez both portray the theme of making difficult choices in their stories. The protagonist’s in each story consider all their options and think ahead before making a life changing decision. In the stories â€Å"The Bicycle† and â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else† both Horton and Tellez use symbolism to portray an overall theme of making difficult choices. In â€Å"The Bicycle† Hannah has her life completely controlled by her Tante Rose. She has no freedom because she is forbidden to break the Sabbath in anyway, and due to Tante Rose’s previous traumatic experience with a bicycle, she is absolutely forbidden to ride one. In the end, Hannah chooses to go against her aunts wishes and rides a bicycle. She expresses that she wanted to â€Å"prove she had some control over her own life† (Horton 35). The bicycle acts as a symbol of freedom; from Hannah breaking the promise she made to her Tante Rose, to having control of her own life and becoming who she wanted to be from the start. Likewise, in â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else† the barber untimely had a choice of being a murderer or hero. The razor blade is one of the most important symbols because it represents his choice of killing the captain or not. This was how the barber would determine his future. He says, â€Å"I was stropping my best blade†. (Tellez 346). â€Å"My fate hangs on the edge of this razor blade†. (Tellez 346). This was a big moral dilemma for the barber, and at this point he was really choosing what kind of person he wanted toShow MoreRelatedA Simple User Interaction Is Never Simple1145 Words   |  5 PagesThese are elements designers cannot control. Part of what we can control is a user’s reaction to individual elements and touchpoints — the things that ultimately build an impression of a brand. These are things we can design. People new to user experience (UX) design are often initially intimidated by the design process. There are many things to consider, and those things bring with them opaque vernacular and industry jargon that can even confuse people with design and research experience. The goodRead MoreDrug Addiction, Disease or Choice Essay2115 Words   |  9 Pages2012 Addiction: A Decision or Disease? Drug and alcohol addiction is a very serious and widespread problem in America, and across the globe. Drug addiction is a constant craving, seeking, and using of a substance, despite the negative consequences it may have on the addict or those around them. When drug use becomes more frequent, it is considered drug abuse. Once an individual’s drug abuse is can no longer be controlled, and they are using the drug to get through everyday life, it beomes an addictionRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Leadership1734 Words   |  7 PagesI believe that an effective leader needs a plan for success. One of the U.S. Army’s most effective leader is General Omar Bradley. General Bradley summed up his take of leadership: â€Å"The test of a leader lies in the reaction and response of his followers. He should not have to impose authority. Bossiness in itself, never made a leader. He must make his influence felt by example and the instilling of confidence in his followers. The greatness of a leader is measured by the achievements of the ledRead MoreJane Eyre And Depression Essay1886 Words   |  8 Pagesnovels, young adults can relate to the struggles and triumphs of Jane. Jane’s setting influences and parallel her emotions. A reader can see the novel through her eyes and perspective. In Bronte’s â€Å"Jane Eyre,† the location often parallels Jane’s emotional growth through the tone presented by the environment, resulting in the different places she lives revealing her journey through depression. Jane’s behavioral patterns and thoughts suggest clinical depression that affected her choices throughout the novelRead MoreWhole Foods Markets : Business And Society3257 Words   |  14 Pagesmost. With this in mind, Whole Foods decided to launch their own more cost-effective brand called 365 Everyday Value in 1997 (â€Å"Newsroom,† 2015). 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According to Woolhandler (2007), in January 2003, the VHA ordered a halt to the enrollment ofRead MoreThe Psychological Theory Is Best For Me2098 Words   |  9 Pageswill be very interesting to apply it to my personal life. With this assignment, I will not only be describing my own personality but also relating it to the topics covered in lecture and determining what psychological theory is best for me. When looking at my own personality, I would say that I am a mix of many things. I feel like I am a mix of introverted and extroverted and an individual that relies more on feeling than reasoning. I often do not mind being around people or in large crowds butRead MoreInfluences on College Major Choice6614 Words   |  27 PagesCOLLEGE MAJOR CHOICE: A STUDY OF INFLUENCES ON CHOOSING A MAJOR Karissa Campbell, Criselle Crisostomo, Darren Moore Department of Sociology UCI Winter 2011 Abstract This study is an analysis of what factors influence student’s college major choices. Upon following previous scholars, it was noted that gender, race and ethnicity, and one’s family socioeconomic status are all significant factors in college major choice. There are distinguished trends and discriminations of college majorRead MoreEssay on Are Profits the Only Business of Business?4153 Words   |  17 Pagesobligations beyond making profits. A consumer may be a pet owner who feeds and provides care for a beloved animal, a doting grandparent who buys toys and clothes for the grandkids, an individual who wears contact lenses or hearing aids, a patient who buys prescription medications, or vehicle owner. Should a consumer have certain expectations from the suppliers and producers of the products that he buys? Can we trust corporations that they will not produce what will jeopardize the human life? Was Ford toRead MoreShackleton2660 Words   |  11 Pagesthe Weddell Sea, before they could reach the Antarctic coast. 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Molluscicidal Effect of Dalandan and Dayap Fruit Extract...

Chapter I THE PROBLEM This chapter contains subtopics that talks about the problem in this research such as background of the study, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, null hypothesis, significance of the study, scope and delimitations of the study and definition of terms. Background of the Study Nowadays, the demands for every man’s needs are drastically increasing. Consumption of our basic needs is at its peak because of our increasing population. There are many industries now that require twice the effort of labor than before, and one of which is in the agricultural industry. We cannot deny the fact that agricultural exports and imports all over the world are essential to maintain natural equilibrium and satisfy the†¦show more content†¦Null Hypothesis In this study, the researcher will test the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. Ho: There is no significant difference between the dalandan (Citrus aurantium) and dayap (Citrus aurantifolia) fruit extract and the positive control as a molluscicide on golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata). Significance of the Study As this world undergoes in a midst of modernization in technologies, there are also agricultural advancements being focused on by scientists. This might sound impressive to people but with these are different newly discovered disease-causing organisms to plants. New strains of viruses and unknown diseases have developed and most of the people are just depending on those costly products. If Filipinos are to use alternative products somehow, it can not only help families in their expenses but also the economy in developing new measures of allocating its resources. The following are the entities that will be benefited in this study. Agriculturists. Agriculturists will be aware of the potential uses of such plants specifically in this study, dalandan and dayap. They will have a broader knowledge in controlling pests in the field. Molluscicide manufacturers. With this study, the manufacturers can think of certain innovations in their products or even as an additive. These manufacturers can cut the costly production of chemicals and just stick to a

Sunshine Chapter 8 Free Essays

string(66) " your own heritage might be\?† â€Å"I did know something\." I thought about what I could say. They’d just handed me all their careers on a platter. All I had to do was walk out of here and tell someone – say, Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Sunshine Chapter 8 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Responsible Media – that Pat turned blue, three-eyed, and twelve-fingered if he held his breath, and that several of his closest colleagues including his partner knew about it, and they’d tie Pat to a chair, put a plastic bag over his head, and await developments. They’d have to. Even if the twenty-four-star bigwig supreme commander honcho of SOF was a fullblood demon him- or herself and knew the name of every partblood in the service, the public furor would make them do it. Being an unlicensed magic handler was a mouse turd in comparison. My brain slowly ground out the next necessary connection to be made. Oh†¦ â€Å"You know about my dad?† I said. They all snorted. Pat sounded like the horn on something like a semi or a furniture van. Ooooongk. â€Å"Does the sun rise in the morning?† said Jesse. With or without the help of the guys from Antares? â€Å"Then probably you know that my mom raised me to be, er, not my father’s daughter.† â€Å"Yeah,† said Pat. â€Å"Made us real interested, if you want to know.† I stared at him. â€Å"You had better not be telling me you have been hanging around the coffeehouse for fifteen years on the off chance that you could catch me – turning blue.† It wouldn’t be turning blue, of course. Unlike demon blood, magic handling was welcomed by both government and corporate bureaucracy in its employees – sort of. What they wanted was nice cooperative biddable magic handling. Somewhere between a third cousin who could do card tricks and a sorcerer. The problem is that as the magic handling rises on the prepotency scale, the magic handler sinks off the other end of the biddableness scale. But there probably had been biddable Blaises. And no one had ever proved my dad was a sorcerer. I didn’t think. â€Å"We hang out at the coffeehouse because we’re all addicted to your cinnamon rolls, Sunshine, and your lethal dessert specials, especially the ones with no redeeming social value,† said Pat. â€Å"You didn’t see us half so often before Charlie built the bakery. But your dad didn’t hurt as an excuse on our expense accounts.† Another pause. I didn’t say anything. â€Å"And your mom seemed kind of†¦well, extreme about it, you know?† And another pause. I seemed to be missing something they wanted me to catch on to. But I was so tired. â€Å"And the coffeehouse is a good place to keep an eye on a lot of people. Gat Donnor.† Poor old Gat. He was one of our hype heads. Sometimes when he got the mixture wrong – or right – he turned into a skinny orange eight-foot lizard (including tail) that would tell you your fortune, if you asked. The locals were used to him but tourists had been known to go off in the screaming ab-dabs if they came across him. SOF was interested because a slightly-above-the-odds number of the fortunes he told were accurate. I brought myself back to the present. Sitting in a SOF office with a blue demon SOF and a few friends. â€Å"I suppose you know your Mrs. Bialosky is a Were?† I did laugh then. â€Å"Everyone believes she is, but no one knows were-what. No – don’t tell me. It would spoil it. Besides – Mrs. Bialosky is one of the good guys. I don’t care what her blood has in it.† It is a violation of your personal rights to have blood taken by your doctor examined for anything but the disease or condition you signed a release form about before the lab tech got near you with the needle, but accidents happen. One of the other ways you could guess a Were or a demon is by their paranoia about doctors. Fortunately the lab coats perfected artificial human blood fifty years ago – or nearly perfected it: you need about one in ten of the real thing – so donating blood isn’t so big a deal any more, and the nasty-minded don’t necessarily get any ideas looking at blood donor lists about who isn’t on them. Human magic handling doesn’t pass through transfusions; demon blood won’t make you a demon, and weak part-demon might not show at all, but strong part- or full-demon makes a fullblood human very sick, even if the blood type is right. And being a Were transfuses beautifully, every time. â€Å"I couldn’t have said it better myself,† said Jesse. â€Å"So, you grew up being your mom’s daughter, with no higher ambitions than the best cinnamon rolls in the country. Did you know about your dad?† I hesitated, but not very long. â€Å"More or less. I knew he was a magic handler, and I knew he was a member of one of the important magic-handling families. Or I found that out once I was in school and some of the magic-handler kids mentioned the Blaises. I was using my mom’s maiden name by the time I went to school, before she married Charlie. I knew that my dad being a magic handler was something to do with why my mom left him, and†¦at the time that was enough for me.† I thought about the â€Å"business associates† my mom hadn’t liked. That was what she’d always called them. â€Å"Business associates.† It sounded a lot like â€Å"pond slime.† Or â€Å"sorcerer.† As I got a little older I realized that people like my mother mean â€Å"pond slime† when they say â€Å"sorcerer.† Lunatic toxic kali pond slime. â€Å"I felt like my mother’s daughter, you know? And after we cleared off I never saw my dad again.† I’d never said this to anyone before: â€Å"My mom was so determined to have nothing whatever to do with my dad’s family that I wanted to be as much like her as possible, didn’t I? She was all I had left.† They all nodded. â€Å"So you didn’t know anything about what your own heritage might be?† â€Å"I did know something. My gran – my dad’s mother – showed up again a year after we geared off. I used to visit her – at our old cabin at the lake. She’d meet me there. My mom wasn’t happy about it, but she let me go. My gran told me some – taught me some.† â€Å"Taught you,† Jesse said sharply. â€Å"Yeah. Stuff changing mostly. Little stuff. Enough to know that I had something, but not so much that I – had to use it, you know?† They nodded again. Magic handling, like Other blood, often makes its presence known, whether you want to know or not. But if it wasn’t too strong, it would also leave you alone, if you left it alone. Probably. â€Å"Then my gran disappeared. When I was about ten. Just before the Wars. And just when Charlie married my mom. Charlie didn’t seem to mind having me around. He adopted me, let me get underfoot at the coffeehouse. And yeah. I was drawn to cooking. I’ve been cooking, or trying to cook, since I was like four. Pretty sad, huh? A Blaise with frosting on the end of her nose. And once I got to Charlie’s I thought that was the end of the story.† â€Å"And then two months ago,† said Jesse. Why did I feel there was something else going on with these guys? Like we were having two conversations, one of them silent. It seemed to me that this out-loud one was enough. I sighed. â€Å"All I did was drive out to the lake on my night off. I had a headache, I wanted some peace and quiet, you don’t get that anywhere around my family, including away from the coffeehouse. I’d just had my car tuned, it was a nice night. There hasn’t been any trouble at the lake that I know of since the Wars were over, so long as you stay away from the bad spots. I drove out to our old cabin, sat on the porch, looked at the water†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That was as much of the story as I had told before. I still wasn’t expecting my heart rate to speed up, my stomach to hop back and forth like water on a hot griddle, and tears to start pricking the backs of my eyes at the prospect of telling even a little bit more. I looked down at my shapeless jersey kids’ pajama lap, and then glanced at the table knife on Jesse’s desk. The world started to turn faster and at a funny angle. Jesse reached into a bottom drawer and brought out a bottle of†¦oh, hey, single-malt scotch. Some SOFs did know how to live. Theo had turned the Prime Time bag upside down. There was an assortment of greasy-paper-wrapped bundles and they smelled†¦like food. Real human food. â€Å"Have a sandwich,† said Theo. â€Å"Have some chips. Have – hey, Pat, you’re living dangerously. Have a Prime Time brownie.† â€Å"No thanks,† I said automatically. â€Å"Too much flour, too much raising agent, and the chocolate they use is only so-so.† â€Å"Your color’s improving,† said Jesse. â€Å"Tell us more about Prime Time’s sins. I’m sure their bread isn’t as good as yours either.† It isn’t. â€Å"Have some scotch.† I held out my (empty) tea mug. I had half a Swiss cheese and watercress sandwich (on mediocre anadama) to give my stomach something else to think about. The dark stains on the walls in the alley. The goblets among the cobble-stones†¦Stop that. Okay, I should maybe think about what Pat and Jesse and Theo were trying to give me space to say. To be afraid of? Something that had to do with, however good their cover, how they must be afraid of being found out as partbloods? †¦No. It hadn’t occurred to me before. I didn’t think there was a word for a human so sicko as to rescue a vampire, because no human had ever done it. Before. Dear gods and angels, no. It’s not only paranoia and bureaucratic oppression that demands partbloods be registered. Human magic-handling genes and certain demon genes mix really, really badly. There are lots of minor charm-twisters who have a touch of both the human capacity for magic and the demonic, and there’s a story that some of them can do stuff no one else can, although it tends to be more goofy than useful. But this is strictly trivial magic handling. Not all demons can do magic; some of them just are, although the areness of demons can seem magical when it isn’t. A swallow demon – to take a rare but spectacular example – can fly less because of its hollow bones, although it has those too, than because something funny goes on with some of its atoms, which behave in certain ways as if they exist in some other universe. One of these ways is that they have no gravity in this one. So a swallow demon, despite being the size of anything from a large wardrobe up to and including a small barn, flies. It isn’t magic. Swallow demons don’t do magic. It only looks like magic. But a lot of demons also handle magic, some of them as powerfully as powerful humans do. And a drop of their blood into a strong human magic-handling gene pool is a disaster. Strong magic-handling genes and even a weak unmanifested-for-generations magic-operating demon gene in the same person gives you about a ninety percent chance of being criminally insane. It might be as high as ninety-five percent. There are asylums specially built to hold these people, who tend to be extremely hard to hold. Important magic-handling families for obvious reasons therefore become kind of inbred. Although this isn’t an ideal solution either, because over the generations you start getting more†¦third cousins who can maybe write a ward sign that almost works†¦say. And usually fewer children total. In one way this is a relief. Someone whose human magic-handling DNA isn’t up to more than a ward sign that almost works is in little if any danger from a big thor demon-blooded great-great-grandmother on the other side even if her magic genes have played very neat hopscotch over the intervening generations and come through nearly intact. (That’s actually another tale. Yes, there are stories, at least one or two of them impressively documented, about strong doers in apparently on-the-skids magic-handling families whose magic turns out to be demonic in origin. But all of those stories – all the ones with happy endings anyway – are about families whose magic handling has been moribund for generations. People with fathers under even the suspicion of being sorcerers need not apply.) On the other hand, important magic-handling families need to go on handling magic to remain important magic-handling families. The Blaises’ name still casts a long shadow. But even I knew they’d hit their peak a while back, and that there weren’t many of them – us – around any more. There didn’t seem to be any at all left since the Wars. I hadn’t thought about this. It might have been an issue if I had wanted to be a magic handler, but I didn’t. It’s pretty amazing what you can not think about. To the extent that I thought about it at all, I missed my gran, but it was a lot simpler to be Charlie Seddon’s stepdaughter. Outcrosses in a magic-handling family on the decline†¦like me†¦are viewed with mixed feelings. We may be salvation. We may be catastrophe. It depends on the bloodline on the other side. Dubious outcrosses are often exiled or repudiated by the family. It’s easier if the alien parent is the mother too, because then they can claim she was fooling around. Paternity tests applied to bad-magic crosses are notoriously unreliable. No. There was no whisper of demon blood in my mother’s family. Would I know? My mother’s sisters were both several sandwiches short of a picnic in terms of common sense. They were not the kind of people who would be entrusted with dark family secrets. And I didn’t have to waste any time wondering if my mother would have told me. â€Å"Overprotective† is my mom’s middle name. She wouldn’t have told me. My mother’s parents had been dead against the marriage. They hadn’t spoken to her since she refused to give my dad up. She’d been very young, and in love, and I could guess that even in those days she didn’t take direction well. Maybe they didn’t tell her. Just booted her out: never darken our door again, etc. They’d never made any attempt to meet me, their first grandchild, either. Maybe my mother found out later, somehow, after I was born. Maybe it was my dad who’d found it out†¦ I’d never seen my father again after my mother left him, nor any of the rest of his family. Only my gran. Who was maybe choosing to see me privately and alone not in deference to my mother’s feelings but because her own family had ordered her to have nothing to do with me. Maybe my gran had some other reason for believing I was okay. Or maybe she didn’t know why my mom had left. Maybe she thought it was my dad’s business associates. Magic-handling families can be pretty conceited about their talent, and pretty offended by commoners feeling they have any rights to inconvenient opinions. Maybe my gran thought her family were just being arrogant. If you were in the ninety percent, it showed up early. Usually. If you weren’t born with a precocious ability to hoist yourself out of your crib and get into really repulsive mischief, the next likeliest time for you to begin running amok was in the preteen years, when magic-handling kids are apprenticed for their first serious magic-handling training. When my gran taught me to transmute. The sane five or ten percent most often have personalities that are uninterested in magic. One of the recommendations, for someone who finds out they’re in the high-risk category, is not to do magic, even the most inconsequential. My mother would never have let me have all those meetings with my gran if there’d been any chance†¦ She might have. My mother makes Attila the Hun look namby-pamby. If she wanted me not to be a bad-magic cross, then I wouldn’t be, by sheer force of will if necessary. But she might still have wanted to know what she was up against. I hadn’t come home and started knifing old ladies or setting fire to stray dogs. I was kind of a loner though. A little paranoid about being close to people. A little too interested in the Others. My mother would have assumed that my gran had tried to teach me magic and that she hadn’t been successful. So my mother would have assumed the Blaise magic genes were weak enough in me, or her own compromised heritage had missed me out. Maybe my mother could be forgiven for being a little over-controlling. Because she’d never be sure. Bad-magic crosses don’t invariably show up early. Some of our worst and most inventive serial murderers have turned out to be bad-magic crosses, when someone finally caught up with them. Sometimes it turns out something set them off. Like doing magic. Like finding out they could. And I hadn’t done any magic in fifteen years. No. I stopped chewing. Pat and Jesse assumed I’d thought of all this before. They were assuming that’s why I hadn’t been able to talk to them. Had been afraid to talk to them. The licensing thing was piffle. They would know that I knew that too. If it was just a question of not being a certified magic handler, hey, I could get my serial number and my license. The bureaucrats would snuffle a little about my not having done it before, but I was a model cinnamon-roll-baker citizen; they’d at least half believe me that I’d never done any magic before, they probably wouldn’t even fine me. Licensing was a red herring. Pat wouldn’t have turned blue over a question of late magic-handling certification. So I had to be afraid of something else. I was afraid of something else. They’d just guessed wrong about what it was and how I got there. They were, in fact, offering me a huge gesture of faith. They were telling me that they believed I wasn’t a bad cross. They must really love my cinnamon rolls. What they didn’t know was that I’d rescued a vampire. Which might be read as the polite, subtle version of becoming an axe murderer. â€Å"Have some more scotch,† said Jesse. And now, of course, they only thought I was dreading telling them about what had happened two months ago. Okay. Let this dread be for the telling of the story. Nothing else. The story of how I rescued a vampire. Which I wasn’t going to tell them. I put my mug down because my hands were beginning to shake. I crossed my arms over my breast and began rocking back and forth in my chair. Pat dragged his chair over next to mine, gently pulled my hands down, held them in his. They were a pale blue now, and not so knobbly. I couldn’t see if he still had the sixth fingers. I said, speaking to Pat’s pale blue hands, â€Å"I didn’t hear them coming.† I spoke in a high, peculiar voice I didn’t recognize as my own. â€Å"But you don’t, do you, when they’re vampires.† There was a growl from Theo – not what you could call a human growl. It was a creepy, chilling, menacing sound, even knowing that it was made on my behalf. Briefly, hysterically, I wanted to laugh. It occurred to me that maybe I hadn’t been the one human in the room, a few minutes ago, when I’d felt like a rabbit in headlights. Jesse let the silence stretch out a little, and then he said softly, â€Å"How did you get away?† †¦There was another muddle leaning up against the wall in front of us†¦someone sitting cross-legged, head bowed, forearms on knees. I didn’t realize till it raised its head with a liquid, inhuman motion that it was another vampire†¦ I took a deep breath. â€Å"They had me shackled to the wall in – in what I guess was the ballroom in – in one of the really big old summer houses. At the lake. I – I was – some kind of prize, I think. They – they came in to look at me a couple of times. Left me food and water. The second day I – transmuted my jackknife into a shackle key.† â€Å"You transmuted worked metal?† I took another deep breath. â€Å"Yes. No, I shouldn’t have been able to. I’d never done anything close. I hadn’t done anything at all in fifteen years – since the last time I saw my gran. It almost†¦it almost didn’t occur to me to try.† I shivered and closed my eyes. No: don’t close your eyes. I opened my eyes. Pat squeezed my hands. â€Å"Hey. It’s okay,† he said. â€Å"You’re here.† I looked at him. He was almost human again. I wondered what I was. Was I almost human? â€Å"Yeah,† he said. â€Å"What you’re thinking.† I tried to look like I might be thinking what he thought I was thinking. Whatever that was. â€Å"SOF is full of Others and partbloods because it’s vampires that are our problem. Sure there are lousy stinking demons – â€Å" And bad-magic crosses. † – but there are lousy stinking humans too. We take care of the Others and the straight cops take care of the humans. If we got the suckers sorted the humans would calm down – sooner or later – let the rest of us live, you know? And then we’d be able to organize and really get rid of the ‘ubis and the goblins and the ghouls and so on and we’d end up with a relatively safe world.† There was a story – I hoped it was no more than a myth – that the reason there still wasn’t a reliable prenatal test for a bad-magic cross was the prejudice against partbloods. Jesse said patiently, â€Å"You transmuted worked metal.† I nodded. â€Å"Do you still have the knife?† I dragged my mind back to the present. I’d decided earlier that the light in the office was good enough, so I nodded again. â€Å"Can we see it?† Pat let go of my hands, and I pulled the knife out of my fuzzy pocket and leaned forward to lay it on a pile of paper on Jesse’s desk. It lay there, looking perfectly ordinary. Jesse picked it up and looked at it. He passed it to Theo, who looked at it too, and offered it to Pat. Pat shook his head. â€Å"Not when I’m coming down. It might crank me right back up again, and we can’t keep the door locked all night.† â€Å"What would happen if someone knocked?† I said. â€Å"You’re still a little blue around the edges.† â€Å"Closet,† said Pat. â€Å"Nice big one. Why we chose Jesse’s office.† â€Å"And we would be so surprised that the door was locked,† said Jesse. â€Å"Must be something wrong with the bolt. We’ll get it checked tomorrow. Miss Seddon is all right, isn’t she?† â€Å"Miss Seddon is fine,† I lied. What was wrong with her was not their fault. â€Å"Rae – † said Jesse, and hesitated. I was holding myself here in the present, in this office, so I was pretty sure I knew what he wanted to ask. â€Å"I don’t know,† I said. â€Å"I haven’t been back to the lake since. There’s a really big bad spot behind the house, maybe that’s part of why they chose it, and when – when I got out of there I just – followed the edge of the lake south.† â€Å"If we take you out there – let’s say tomorrow – will you try to find it?† It had little to do with what I hadn’t told them that made the silence last a long time before I answered. What I had told them was plenty for why I didn’t want to go there again. â€Å"Yes,† I said at last, heavily. â€Å"I’ll try. There won’t†¦ be anything.† â€Å"I know,† said Jesse. â€Å"But we still have to look. I’m sorry.† How to cite Sunshine Chapter 8, Essay examples

Contract Law Hong Kong Introductory Guide â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Contract Law Hong Kong Introductory Guide? Answer: Introducation A contract is best defined as a legally binding promise made under an agreement. Under a contract, one party promises that they would do the act mentioned under the contract and the other party promises that they would pay the requisite compensation amount as is stated under the contract (Blum, 2007). It can be formed in an oral and in a written way. In the first management, the contract terms are spoken orally and in the latter, the contract terms are put down in writing on a document, which the parties to that particular contract sign (Mau, 2010). For creating any contract, there is a need of some specified components to be present. These components include the offer, the acceptance, consideration, capacity, clarity and intention (Miller Cross, 2015). Amongst the key points with regards to these components is offer and invitation to treat. An offer is the initiation point of the contract whereby one party offers certain terms to another party. An invitation to treat, on the other hand, shows that the parties are ready to negotiate upon the possible contract (McKendrick Liu, 2015). Hence, invitation to treat takes place before the offer is made; though, is not obligatory to be present in every case. The advertisements in the newspaper are an example of invitation to treat. The goods which are kept on the shelf of the shop, for display, are another example of invitation to treat. And in such cases, the individual is not bound to sell such product as per Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 QB 401 (Latimer, 2012). The other elements of contract include the acceptance of this offer. So, once an offer has been made, it needs to be accepted. There is a need for the contract to have valid consideration in order for the contract to be valid. As per this requirement, the consideration needs to have an economic value (Stone and Devenney, 2017). There is also a need for parties to have the capacity of entering into the contract. In this regard, the parties need to be of legal age and also need to be of sound mind to be able to make rationale decisions for them. The parties need to be clear about the terms of the contract as this gives the parties the rights and liabilities under the contract. And lastly, there is a need for the contracting parties to have the intention of creating legal relations. When the terms covered under the contract are not fulfilled, the aggrieved party can apply for monetary compensation or equitable remedies (Andrews, 2015). At times, under the contract a clause known as exclusion clause is found, which has the power of restricting or limiting the liabilities which are raised due to the contract. The exclusion clauses are relied on to extinguish the liability of the contracting party. In order for an exclusion clause to be valid, it has to fulfil some requirements (Clarke Clarke, 2016). Firstly, the exclusion clause has to be inserted in to the contract in a proper manner. Secondly, the exclusion clause needs to be brought to the attention of the party against whom it is being inserted. The exclusion clauses can only restrict the liability under the contract and not such which are born out of a statutory law or common law (Ayres Klass, 2012). In order for the exclusion clause to be valid, it has to be inserted in the contract financial_accounting it is signed by the parties. Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd (1949) 1 KB 532 saw the exclusion clause being invalid as the exclusion clause had been inserted after the main contract had been formed. The exclusion clause is also invalid if it is referred at another place and is not brought to the attention of the parties. In Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971) 2 WLR 585, the exclusion clause was stated at the backside of the ticket and was not brought to the notice of the parties, thus invalidating the exclusion clause (Marson Ferris, 2015). A crucial point with regards to exclusion clause is that it would be valid, where it was inserted in a contract and the contract was signed later. In L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 case, the exclusion clause was held as valid even though the parties had not read the exclusion clause (Gibson Fraser, 2014). However, such exclusion clause would be invalid, even after it has been inserted in the contract and the same is signed by the parties, where an element of misrepresentation was present (Mulcahy, 2008). In Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805, the cleaner was stopped from escaping the liability for the damages caused to the material of dress, by making reliance over the exemption clause, due to the misrepresentation of the scope of the exclusion clause by the assistant of the defendant (Poole, 2016). Misrepresentation is one of the five vitiating factors which make the contract voidable at the option of the aggrieved party. Misrepresentation refers to a false statement of fact being made by one party, so as to induce the other party into the contract (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). In Bisset v Wilkins [1927] AC 177, it was held that the statement has to be of fact and not of opinion. And it also has to be shown that reliance was made on such misrepresentation for a case of misrepresentation to stand, as was seen in Horsfall v Thomas [1862] 1 HC 90 (McKendrick, 2014). Application In the given case study, Miles saw an advertisement of tractor of Farmquip. This advertisement would be deemed as an invitation to treat as on the basis of this advertisement, negotiations were carried on between Miles and Farmquip. And based on Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots, Farmquip was not obliged to sell the truck at these terms to Miles. While the negotiations were being carried on, Angus made a false statement of fact to Miles whereby he stated that air conditioning would be inserted in the tractor. This statement was one of fact as there was no intention of inserting the air condition and based Bisset v Wilkins this would be deemed as a misrepresentation. Further, based on Horsfall v Thomas reliance was made by Miles which would make a claim of misrepresentation, against Farmquip, a success. This would allow Miles to get the contract rescinded. An exclusion clause was also present in this case. The contract which was signed by Miles, for the sale of tractor, covered Clause 18 which was an exclusion clause. As this contract was signed by Miles, irrespective of the fact that he read it or not, it would be valid, based on LEstrange v Graucob. However, a misrepresentation had been made in this case, which as per the case of Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co would make this exclusion clause invalid even when the contract had been signed by Miles. There was another exclusion clause which was present in this case, which was stated on the wall for customers behind the sales counter. However, based on Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, this was not brought to the attention of the parties. Also, one could only come across this exclusion clause when they went to the sales counter and not before that. Hence, this exclusion clause would also be invalid due to it not being brought to the attention of the parties. Miles can due Farmquip for the breach of contract as the terms of the contract had not been upheld. He was promised a good conditioned and well repaired tractor but had been instead given a bad unrepaired tractor which was bad in shape. So, Miles can claim compensation for breach of contract, which would include not only the cost of the tractor but also damages for mental distress. Miles also has the option of getting the contract rescinded owing to the misrepresentation. As the exclusion clause is invalid, it would not be able to protect Farmquip. And based on Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co Farmquip would be liable for the wordings of its employee/ representative, i.e., Angus. Conclusion Hence, in this case, Miles can bring legal action against Farmquip for misrepresentation, thus getting the contract rescinded, or better yet, could claim damages for breach of contract, and claim compensation. References Andrews, N. (2015). Contract Law (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press Ayres, I., Klass, G. (2012). Studies in Contract Law (8th ed.). New York: Foundation Press Blum, B.A. (2007). Contracts: Examples Explanations (4th ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. Clarke, P., Clarke, J (2016). Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives (3rd ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law 2014 (8th ed.). Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Lambiris, M., Griffin, L. (2016). First Principles of Business Law 2016. Sydney: CCH. Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Marson, J., Ferris, K. (2015). Business Law (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mau, S.D. (2010). Contract Law in Hong Kong: An Introductory Guide. Hong Kong: economics University Press. McKendrick, E. (2014). Contract Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. McKendrick, E., Liu, Q. (2015). Contract Law: Australian Edition. London: Palgrave. Miller, R.L. Cross, F.B. (2015). The Legal Environment Today (8th ed.). Stanford, CT: Cengage Learning. Mulcahy, L. (2008). Contract Law in Perspective (5th ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Poole, J. (2016). Textbook on Contract Law (13th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stone, R., Devenney, J. (2017). The Modern Law of Contract (12th ed.). Oxon: Routledge.

The leadership at the United Arab Bank

Facts About the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor

Facts About the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor In the early morning of Dec. 7, 1941, the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was attacked by the Japanese military. At the time, Japans military leaders thought the attack would neutralize American forces, allowing Japan to dominate the Asia Pacific region. Instead, the deadly strike drew the U.S. into World War II, making it a truly global conflict. These are the most important facts that should be recalled about this historical event. What Is Pearl Harbor? Pearl Harbor is a natural deepwater naval port on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, located just west of Honolulu. At the time of the attack, Hawaii was an American territory, and the military base at Pearl Harbor was home to the U.S. Navys Pacific Fleet.   U.S.-Japan Relations Japan had embarked on an aggressive campaign of military expansion in Asia, beginning with its invasion of Manchuria (modern-day Korea) in 1931. As the decade progressed, the Japanese military pushed into China and French Indochina (Vietnam) and rapidly built up its armed forces. By the summer of 1941, the U.S. had cut off most trade with Japan to protest that nations belligerence, and diplomatic relations between the two nations were very tense. Negotiations that November between the U.S. and Japan went nowhere. Lead-Up to the Attack The Japanese military began laying plans to attack Pearl Harbor as early as January 1941. Although it was Japanese  Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto  who initiated the plans for the attack  on  Pearl Harbor, Commander Minoru Genda was the plans chief architect. The Japanese used the  code name  Operation Hawaii for the attack. This later changed to Operation Z. Six aircraft carriers left Japan for Hawaii on Nov. 26, carrying a total of 408 fighter craft, joining five midget submarines that had departed a day earlier. Japans military planners specifically chose to attack on a Sunday because they believed Americans would be more relaxed and thus less alert on a weekend. In the hours before the attack, the Japanese attack force stationed itself approximately 230 miles north of Oahu. The Japanese Strike At 7:55 a.m. on Sunday, Dec. 7, the first wave of Japanese fighter planes struck; the second wave of attackers would come 45 minutes later. In a little under two hours, 2,335 U.S. servicemen were killed and 1,143 were wounded. Sixty-eight civilians were also killed and 35 were wounded. The Japanese lost 65 men, with an additional soldier being captured. The Japanese had two major objectives: Sink Americas aircraft carriers and destroy its fleet of fighter planes. By chance, all three U.S. aircraft carriers were out to sea. Instead, the Japanese focused on the Navys eight battleships at Pearl Harbor, all of which were named after American states: Arizona, California, Maryland, Nevada, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Japan also targeted nearby Army airfields at Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Bellows Field, Ewa Field, Schoefield Barracks, and Kaneohe Naval Air Station. Many of the U.S. airplanes were lined up outside,  along with the airstrips, wingtip to wingtip, in order to avoid sabotage. Unfortunately, that made them easy targets for the Japanese attackers. Caught unawares, U.S. troops and commanders scrambled to get planes in the air and ships out of the harbor, but they were able to muster only a feeble defense, largely from the ground. The Aftermath All eight U.S. battleships were either sunk or damaged during the attack. Amazingly, all but two (the USS Arizona  and the USS Oklahoma) were eventually able to return to active duty. The USS Arizona  exploded when a bomb breached its forward magazine (the ammunition room). Approximately 1,100 U.S. servicemen died on board. After being torpedoed, the  USS Oklahoma  listed so badly that it turned upside down. During the attack, the  USS Nevada  left its berth in Battleship Row and tried to make it to the harbor entrance. After being repeatedly attacked on its way, the  USS Nevada  beached itself. To aid their airplanes, the Japanese sent in five midget subs to help target the battleships. The Americans sunk four of the midget subs and captured the fifth. In all, nearly 20 American naval vessels and about 300 aircraft were damaged or destroyed in the attack. The U.S. Declares War The day following the attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress, seeking a declaration of war against Japan. In what would become one of his most memorable speeches, Roosevelt declared that Dec. 7, 1941, would be a date that will live in infamy.  Only one legislator, Rep. Jeanette Rankin of Montana, voted against the declaration of war. On Dec. 8, Japan officially declared war against the U.S., and three days later, Germany followed suit. World War II had begun.

Internation Disputes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Internation Disputes - Essay Example This essay will include elaborate details of the topic along with a discussion on settlement and the role of mediation for settling disputes. A critical analysis of the significance of the entire process supported by structured examples will also be discussed. The applicability of the concept takes place on the individuals, state level and regional and international level for resolving conflicts. In other words, the concept is applicable in resolving the conflicts amongst the individuals, independently amongst the states or regions of a country or amongst different countries functioning on the face of the earth. This concept is used by the regulators under the light of laws and legislation so that the problems can be resolved and a consensus can be formed between the aggrieved parties. Under this concept, several examples can be found which shows various peace treaties which have taken place between the nations. Examples of such treaties are Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Iran, Pakistan , Argentina, Chile etc. Nearly all countries have been under treaties for resolving the issues and finding methods for resolving issues which arise internally. There are two methods using which the conflicts are resolved. One is the direct method and other is the indirect method. Both methods are applied after understanding and analyzing the complexities of the situations. Different methods have been proposed for resolving the conflicts along with different settlement methods3. Different methods will be discussed and analyzed as per the changing and varying situations as they arise. DEFINING INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES The concept of international disputes highlights the fact that the problems which arise between the nations must be resolved. This will ensure progress and stability in the entire environment and bind the nations in complying with the set standards4. â€Å"International disputes can be defined as a disagreement which arises between the states and impacts on the relations maintained between the states.5† The contemporary international law forbids the nations from the use of force or threats and impacts on the relation between the states. There are organizations which ensure that the conflicts and the disputes amongst the nations are resolved in a peaceful manner6. This can be settled on the basis of accords developed between the states. The principle of the state is managed, and resolutions are proposed using the UN charters, Pact of the Arab League, the Charter of the Organization of African Unity and the declarations proposed on the Principles of International Laws which are concerned directly with the friendly relations amongst the states. All these propositions are made in the light of the UN charter. Understanding this fact it can be concluded that United Nations plays a significantly prominent role in resolving conflicts. The international law does not provide precise methods for resolution of disputes. This is because the solution which is provided shall vary with the upcoming issues. The propositions for resolving the conflicts in the UN charter suggest negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement and setup an environment for proposing the issues which arise. The peaceful methods for resolving the international disputes include various methods include investigation and commissioning of the factors which have led to this problem. Direct negotiation methods

Entrepreneurship Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship - Term Paper Example Entrepreneurship The paper provides a deeper insight into the different perspectives associated with the concept of entrepreneurship in different types of startups, contexts and roles with the aim of evaluating my personal skills and competencies in this direction. Different types of entrepreneurial ventures require different skills and level of competencies. The size of enterprise depends on the ability of the entrepreneur to accumulate the desired investment to develop and support resource allocation for operations. Thus entrepreneurship refers to an enterprise that exploits existing opportunities through the optimized usage of available resources for the purpose of profit making. While profit making and revenue generation may be the primary objectives of entrepreneurial activities the fact that these enterprises cannot be assumed without risks is a ground reality. Entrepreneurship in the current business environment presents multiple challenges in the form of global markets, intense competition, technology advances, and competency management that shape the competitive advantage of firms. The contribution of entrepreneurs to economic growth and development cannot be ignored, however, a key dimension to this perspective is the ability of the entrepreneur to lead the enterprise and overcome environmental challenges that shape the industry trends. This involves the ability to identify opportunities, the skill to harness resources and the competency to mitigate risks inherent in business ventures. Leadership and managerial capability feature a high priority among potential entrepreneurs (Scheiner). The paper provides a deeper insight into the different perspectives associated with the concept of entrepreneurship in different types of startups, contexts and roles with the aim of evaluating my personal skills and competencies in this direction. Types of startup and its demand on entrepreneurship Different types of entrepreneurial ventures require different skills and level of competencies. The size of enterprise depends on the ability of the entrepreneur to accumulate the d esired investment to develop and support resource allocation for operations. There are several factors that need to be considered before starting a micro enterprise. The first and foremost requirement is an in-depth understanding and knowledge of the business context and the various aspects that drive the market trends and consumer behavior in the particular segment (Henry). This involves a good knowledge of basic business management practices and knowledge in the areas of accounting, marketing, inventory, costing and pricing. One of the primary constraints facing any startup venture is the lack of adequate financial resources that limits the scope of undertaking an in-depth market assessment and research required for promoting business enterprises. Capital funding from financial institutions expose a certain degree of risk that can discourage many individuals from taking entrepreneurial initiatives (Scheiner). Among other constraints facing the micro and small enterprise developmen t initiatives is lack of adequate knowledge and information related to industry trends, market behavior and consumer preference. Resource shortages in terms of lack of necessary equipments can also impact the ability of entrepreneurs to undertake risks. Medium and large enterprise start-ups are capital intensive and cannot be undertaken on individual basis. A strategic alliance or partnership where stakeholders have a mutual interest in promoting business goals is an important aspect related to this kind of entrepreneurship. In such cases, the entrepreneurs seek venture capital and external sources of funding to promote

Carving Leaders from the Warped Wood of Humanity Essay - 34

Carving Leaders from the Warped Wood of Humanity - Essay Example A statement made by the author that was very interesting in regards to this discussion was, â€Å"We respect leaders who put the interest of the followers first, but most leaders don’t pay a price for doing that on a regular basis, nor do most circumstances require them to calculate their interest in relation to the interest of their followers† (Ciulla, 2001). I agree with the author that managers have to consider many factors and variables in their decision making the process that has nothing to do with altruism. The interest of the customers of a company and the community are important to consider, but managers are supposed to maximize shareholders wealth. For that to occur companies have to optimize the use of their economic resources to improve the sales and profits of the company. My personal opinion in regards to the topic of whether leadership and altruism are correlated concepts differs from the opinion of Joanne Ciulla. I think that altruism can enhance the perception of a company, thus the strategy can be beneficial for the profitability of the company. Altruism is a win-win proposition for all the parties involved. A company that has a true sense of the importance of ethics will make a concerted effort to help interest groups in need through altruism efforts. Altruism can enhance the public image of a corporation. The use of altruism reflects well on the leadership abilities of a manager. Altruism should not be visualized as a cost; instead, it should be viewed as a moral and socially responsible way to give back to the community that builds the brand value of a company. Despite my difference of opinion with the author in regards to the relation between these two concepts, I agree with the author in that it is possible to be ethically responsible withou t using altruism. There are lots of ethical decisions that managers must make that do not involve altruism.

Microsofts Structure And Culture

Microsofts Structure And Culture The assignment is about six outcomes of Organizations and Behavior subject. The scenario company is Microsoft, founded in 1975, which is the worldwide leader in software, services and solutions that help people and businesses realize their full potential (Microsoft, n.d.).The other company to compare with Microsoft is Federal Express Corporation (FedEx Express), the largest company in providing a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand. FedEx Express is an express transportation company, offering time-certain delivery within one to three business days and serving markets. FedEx Ground Package System, Inc. (FedEx Ground) is a provider of small-package ground delivery service. FedEx Freight Inc (FedEx Freight) is a provider of less-than-truckload (LTL) freight services. FedEx Corporate Services, Inc. (FedEx Services) provides the Companys other companies with sales, marketing, information technology, communications and back-office support (Fe dEx, n.d.). This assignment is going to explain and compare the organizational structures, cultures, leadership styles and performance of these two companies to find out about the organizational theories that underpin the practice of management. 1.1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture 1.1.1 Microsofts structure and culture Microsofts Organizational Chart (The Official Board, 2012) According to the chart above, Microsoft has a flat structure. We can see that Microsoft has five product groups are Windows Live Windows Group, Server Software, Online Services, Microsoft Business and Entertainment and Devices. Each product group, which focuses on a specific line of goods and services, has one executive reports directly to the CEO. Each group has its own RD, sales, and customer service staff (Daft, 2009). This structure allows larger spans of control. Microsoft also has a matrix structure which works alongside the flat structure. The matrix structure is a structure where project teams are made up of workers with various specialisms from different functions of a business (BPP, 2004). The legal structure of Microsoft is Limited Liability Company because the company went public on March 13, 1986 (Time, n.d.). Microsoft has a task culture because it is a huge company with 94,420 employees around the world, just 56,934 in USA only (Microsoft, n.d.). It is impossible to manage a firm of that huge amount of workers with a person culture or a power culture. A two-time award-winning journalist Kurt Eichenwald described Microsofts work culture as the cannibalistic culture; a management system known as stack-ranking a program that forces every unit to declare a certain percentage of employees as top performers, good performers, average, and poor effectively crippled Microsofts ability to innovate, leading employees to compete with each other rather than competing with other companies (Vanity Fair, 2012). 1.1.2 FedExs structure and culture FedExs Organizational Chart (The Official Board, 2012) FedEx Corporation FedEx, introduced express delivery to the world in 1973, and is the worlds top express delivery service. The organizational structure of FedEx is flat. According to Organizational Behavior A Strategic Approach, FedEx Corporation should change their structure, because it adopted a multi-divisional structure (Hitt, Miller Colella, 2005). The corporation gives significant authorities to the subsidiaries. Operating independently, each subsidiary manages its own specialized network of services. FedEx employed over 280,000 employees worldwide (FedEx, n.d.), so obviously they have a task culture. The culture of FedEx is also market driven culture. All they care about is the customers; their culture center on the customer. They possess a strong customer-service organizational culture (McNeal, 2011). In short, both Microsoft and FedEx Corp. have a new style of management which is flat structure and task culture. However, FedEx is flatter than Microsoft in organizational structure. To look deeper, we can see differences in their culture as one cares about money, the other one cares about the customer. 1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organizations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business 1.2.1 Microsoft Microsoft has a flat organizational structure and a task culture which is consider the new method of management. It is believed to be the right way to manage a company. This seems to works well when Microsofts 2011 revenue reached $69 billion (Microsoft, 2011). They make a very huge amount of money. The flat structure creates a lower hierarchy of power in Microsoft. It also allows CEOs direct involvement to make decision process quicker and less time consuming. Microsoft was topped ranking of the worlds 25 best multinational workplaces released by The Great Place to Work Institute (Industry Week, 2011). It is noticeable that employees satisfy their working environment in Microsoft. However, the stack ranking program can kill Microsofts creativity. The destructive management technique can be seen the key problem in Microsoft its management system (Frederick Allen, 2012). It can lead to risk of losing big amount of money. 1.2.2 FedEx FedEx increased revenue 12% in the February-to-May quarter and 13% in the fiscal year that ended May 31, reporting total annual revenue of $39.3 billion (William Cassidy, 2011). It is a large amount of money. The culture of FedEx influences its employees to work more effectively. It encourages them not only work hard but also work smart. FedExs managers also make right decisions, catching up with market trends and changing business needs. 1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work The factors which influence individual behavior at work are: personality, perception, attitude, ability and aptitude, conflict, stress, and change. For the people of Microsoft, their personality is highly competitive. As discussed above, it is obviously that Microsoft has the culture of competition so the people who are working in a competitive culture will become competitive. If they are not yet competitive, the culture will itself make them competitive. Because they are competitive, they know how to get the money from customers and they will do it so well. Microsoft had always been characterized by a culture that was extremely competitive. When the company introduced new products then rocketing sales, the people responsible for the products did not meet to celebrate. Instead, they found what could have been done better instantly. Therefore, the company had always been a leading competitor, and Gates often sent out memos to remind employees about the competitive threats ahead. Gates truly drove a culture of innovation and vision (Microsoft People Problems, 2003). Thus, people were promoted to strive for the highest standards. However, when Gates left, Steve Ballmer has been a new CEO. Steve has been driving a culture of production rather than innovation (Kurt Eichenwald, 2012). For example, two ex-employees reviewd on Glassdor (Glassdoor is a website that collects information about workplaces and companies) that stack ranking made Microsoft be a less desirable place to work and higher stress workplace (Julie Bort, 2012). One more thing is that, Microsoft has discrimination between black and white workers of the corporation. In 2001, a group of current and former employees accused Microsoft of racism. The seven African American people required $5 billion in compensation, claiming they were paid less than their fellow employees and repeatedly passed over for promotions given to less-qualified white workers. The workers also claimed to have been subjected to racial harassment and retaliation when they complained. According to Willie Gary, who is a lawyer, pointed to 1999, government statistics that showed only 2.6% of Microsofts 21,429 employees, and only 1.6% of the companys 5,155 managers, were black (BBC, 2001). 2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership style in different organizations 2.1.1 Microsoft Bill Gatess leadership styles are participative style and authoritative style. The reason is that, Gates involved his subordinates in decision making so they were good at delegating. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. Whenever needed, he brought professional managers for managing. Gates is a strong and energizing person. His enthusiasm, hard working nature and judgment skills reflect his personality. His motivating power and involving his friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft (Dip Kumar Dey,n.d.). Besides, Gates paid special attention to recruit and retain the best talent. He believed that the recruitment of talented software engineers was one of the most critical elements in the software industry. Gates looked for recruits who included the capacity to grasp new knowledge quickly and deep familiarity with programming structures. Despite a great number of potential recruits applied for jobs at Microsoft, Gates a ssumed that the best talent would never apply directly. Consequently, Microsofts HR managers had to hunt for the best talent and offer them a job. Giving autonomy to his managers, Gates delegated authorities to managers to run their independent departments. Gates involved a little in autocratic style, because control is basic to his nature and his management practice. He had an obsession with detail and with checking up. He tried to monopolize the World Wide Web software market and had legal problems with the department of justice. Also he did not like complaints (Dhananjay Kumar, n.d.). Microsoft used these styles of leadership very well as the company has great performance with net income of $14.569 billion (2009). 2.1.2 FedEx FedEx has a complex leadership style. The leadership style is combined between affiliative style, participative style and democratic style. Because FedEx has a flat structure; the managers give their subordinates authorities so they are good at delegating. Also, to be able to give subordinates authorities, they must trust their workers. Workers at FedEx are smart people so they do not want to be told what and how to do things. FedEx Corp. under the guidance of CEO Fred Smith has been named the Top Corporation of the Decade by Fortune magazine (Dumain, 2004). Smith was determined to make employees an integral part of the decision-making process, due to his belief that when people are placed first they will provide the highest possible service and profits will follow (FedEx, n.d.). Microsoft and FedEx have different leadership styles so they apply it differently to create different working environment for their workers. However, they both earn a huge amount of profit and manage their company so well. FedEx seems to have the right way to apply its leadership style on its employees than Microsoft. 2.2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management 2.2.1 Theory X and Y It can be easily seen that Microsoft and FedEx use the Y theory. Because both companies care about how their employees feel. Furthermore, workers at Microsoft and FedEx are smart people so they do not want to be told things. Workers at Microsoft and FedEx are very ambitious, passionate and committed to their work. Because the work load at Microsoft is very pressure but there are still many people wish to work at Microsoft. Because the salary they pay is high, $87,965 for normal employees and much higher for managers, engineers or directors. They all have a regular salary over $100,000 each person (Salary List, 2011). Theory Y is about trust. Both Microsoft and FedEx have flat structure; authorities are given through the chain. Therefore, they must trust the workers. It creates not only the trust of managers in workers, but also the trust of workers in managers. This theory helps to build a strong relationship among workers and managers and then it leads to a strong organization. It i s obviously that Microsoft and FedEx are both strong in structure, culture and financial. 2.2.2 Scientific management FedEx doesnt apply this theory in its management. Because based on the theory, the application of this approach was to break each job down into its smallest and simplest component parts or motions (BPP, 2004). Although the theory improves productivity, it creates de-humanity in the organization. Moreover, everyone at FedEx is smart and talented. Therefore, it is wastes to hire smart people to tell them just do the same job day by day. Scientific management doesnt work in an organization that needs innovation and ideas like FedEx. 2.2.3 Bureaucracy Under the dominated decade of CEO Steve Ballmer, Microsoft applied this theory in its management. For this reason, Microsoft was complained that toxic environment and bad managers for anyone who want to join the corporation. Current and former employees in Microsoft were affected seriously by bureaucracy and management of the company for years (Matt Rosoff, 2011). According an article, employees in Microsoft were more concerned with impressing bosses than creating things (Rebecca Greenfield, 2012). They have no incentive to innovate. Nothing has changed at all since the departure of former CEO Bill Gates. It seems to be Steve Ballmer applied an inefficient management system. All things have not worked out. 2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations 2.3.1 Human relation approach Both Microsoft and FedEx use this management approach to manage their organization. As analyzed above, Microsoft cares about its employees in a wrong way. Steve Ballmer applied a management system which damage peoples creativity, making them to be bored with their work. Now the dominant tech company belongs to Apple. For FedEx, they care about their employees in a different way. They give employees passion and convenient facilities that allows workers to be more develop. Both Microsoft and FedEx know that how workers feel affects how well they work. However, this method is about what workers think, doesnt matter how the leader thinks about the workers. It is matter that the leader can create an image in the workers mind that they are what the leader wants them to believe they are. 2.3.2 The contingency approach It all depends is what we can define this theory. Managers of both Microsoft and FedEx have find out what is the suitable way to manage, not to find out what is the one right way to manage. This is considered the new management way. Microsoft and FedEx are the new organizations: everything is international, everything is new, everything is faster and everything is turbulent (BPP, 2004). This managing method fits these two organizations because organizations change all the time. This method worked very well for FedEx as the leader of FedEx lead the company through the economic crisis in 2008 to survive (The New York Times, 2012) In total, contingency approach is the correct choice for their management. CONCLUSION How an organization achieves its goals and become successful is the managers and leaders concern. Therefore, leaders and managers should build good relationship with their subordinates as well as good organizational structure, culture and good leadership style.

National Prohibition in America :: Eighteenth Amendment

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  National Prohibition, brought about by the Eighteenth Amendment and enforced through the Volstead Act, lasted for over ten years. Besides a growing lack of public support for both Prohibition and temperance itself, the outlaw of alcohol continued throughout the United States—at least in the law books. In practice, however, National Prohibition was much less effective than temperance and Prohibition leaders had hoped, in the end causing more problems than it solved. Once started, Prohibition led to the rise in crime during the twenties, the public health problems associated with bootleg liquor and alcohol substitutes, the problems between religious, racial, and the political rise in response to its presence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prohibition did enjoy some success. History revealed that alcohol drinking did drop after the National Prohibition and the Volstead Act. This lower on a national level was not all that much to the effect of recent problems in specific areas or communities. Also, after this drop alcohol drinking continued to rise through Prohibition to the point where it was thought drinking would actually pass pre-Prohibition levels. The same was true of alcohol related diseases while lowering, alcoholism and alcohol-related illness climbed to new heights, all while Prohibition was still in effect (Thornton, â€Å"Failure† 70–71). The initial ideas of Prohibition was reversed. Crime was a problem during Prohibition. Since demand does not generally lower or at least not greatly alcohol continued to be traded even though laws exist to stop those kind of problems. The black market increased the crime rate related to the making and selling of alcohol. â€Å"Prohibition creates new profit opportunities for both criminals and non-criminals,† especially for those previously involved in criminal activities (Thornton, â€Å"Failure† 116–117).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During National Prohibition in the 1920’s and early 1930’s—crime rate continued to raise as less and less people were willing to quit drinking or to respect the ideas of prohibition, as shown by the raise in fines given for Prohibition violations through its time. Crime quickly became â€Å"organized† for the first time, running activities contrary to Prohibition on a never before seen scale (Thornton, â€Å"Failure† 70). In fact, by the end of Prohibition, speakeasies had actually outnumbered the saloons of pre-Prohibition years, spreading the influence of alcohol over a much wider range (Thornton, â€Å"Failure† 72). Alcohol prices rose greatly due to the troubles of making and selling a prohibited substance especially among the working classes, to steal alcohol or to steal other things which could then be sold to pay for alcohol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prohibition was first meant to stop the abuses thought to be from alcohol, main problem was crime. As more and more people began to ignore

What is one conflict that Brian faces in “Brian’s Return”?

Brian finds himself in conflict with nature as he ventures alone and somewhat unprepared into the wilderness. Nature proves relentless in her attacks against him, sending torrents of rain and billowing winds that harass his dwelling and begin a series of nearly fatal mishaps. The language expresses the hostility of nature toward him, as â€Å"the wind was hissing and slashing him with water† almost as it the elements had teamed up against him (par. 34). 2.Why are the memories of Willow Creek important to Rick Bass? Support your answer with evidence from the text. (2-3 sentences) Rick Bass remembers has strong memories of Willow Creek because it was there that he was able to commune with nature and find himself at one with and yet in awe of something so much greater than himself. The immensity of nature surrounded and pressed him and made him feel the substance of his life in a way he never had before.His memories of nature cause him to realise that he belongs in the wild and n ot in civilization, as he writes that the geese â€Å"flew away with the last of [his] civility that night† (par. 14). 3. How is the power of nature an important theme in both â€Å"Brian's Return† and â€Å"On Willow Creek†? Support your answer with evidence from both selections. (3-5 sentences) Nature has overwhelmed both the characters in different ways.Brian was overwhelmed with the powerful force of the elements and the danger that is always imminent living bare and unprotected in the wild. Even what Brian brings for protection, his tent, sighs under the pressure of the natural elements (par. 20). The narrator of On Willow Creek feels the power of nature in its vastness, but finds it inspiring. It causes him to feel his tiny insignificance in comparison with nature’s power, as he writes that â€Å"all of the hill country’s creatures had helped him† understand this (par. 1).

Facts About Tylosaurus, a 35-Foot Cretaceous Predator

Facts About Tylosaurus, a 35-Foot Cretaceous Predator Name:  Tylosaurus (Greek for knob lizard); pronounced TIE-low-SORE-us Habitat:  Shallow Seas of North Ameria Historical Period:  Late Cretaceous (85-80 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 35 feet long and seven tons Diet:  Fish, turtles and other reptiles, including dinosaurs Distinguishing Characteristics: Long, sleek body; narrow, well-muscled jaws A Large and Vicious Predator The 35-foot-long, seven-ton Tylosaurus was about as well-adapted to terrorizing sea creatures as any marine reptile could be, considering its narrow, hydrodynamic body, blunt, its powerful head suited to ramming and stunning prey, its agile flippers, and the maneuverable fin on the end of its long tail. This late Cretaceous predator was one of the largest and most vicious of all the mosasaurs- the family of marine reptiles that succeeded the ichthyosaurs, pliosaurs, and plesiosaurs of the earlier Mesozoic Era, and that is distantly related to modern snakes and monitor lizards. Like one of those extinct plesiosaurs, Elasmosaurus, Tylosaurus figured in the famous 19th-century feud between the American paleontologists Othniel C. Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope (commonly known as the Bone Wars). Squabbling over a set of incomplete Tylosaurus fossils discovered in Kansas, Marsh suggested the name Rhinosaurus (nose lizard, a great missed opportunity if ever there was one), while Cope touted Rhamposaurus instead. When both Rhinosaurus and Rhamposaurus turned out to be preoccupied (that is, already assigned to an animal genus), Marsh finally erected Tylosaurus (knob lizard) in 1872. (In case youre wondering how Tylosaurus wound up in landlocked Kansas, of all places, thats because much of  the western U.S. was submerged beneath the Western Interior Sea during the late Cretaceous period.) Dazzling Discovery While Marsh and Cope squabbled endlessly, it was left to a third famous paleontologist, Charles Sternberg, to make the most dazzling Tylosaurus discovery of all. In 1918, Sternberg unearthed a Tylosaurus specimen harboring the fossilized remains of an unidentified plesiosaur, its last meal on earth. But thats not all: an unidentified hadrosaur (duck-billed dinosaur) discovered in Alaska in 1994 was found to harbor Tylosaurus-sized bite marks, though it seems that this dinosaur was scavenged by Tylosaurus after its death rather than plucked, crocodile-style, directly off the shoreline.

How to Tell Your Parents You Want to Drop Out of College

How to Tell Your Parents You Want to Drop Out of College If you are considering dropping out of college, you likely have a good reason: personal, financial,  academic, or a combination of factors. Even though the benefits of dropping out may be clear to you, your parents may have some concerns, and talking to them about dropping out may not be easy. So where can you begin? What should you say? Be Honest Dropping out of college is a big deal, and your parents know this. Even if they suspected that this conversation was coming, they probably arent going to be too pleased about it. Consequently, you owe it to them- and yourself- to be honest about the main reasons driving your decision. Are you failing your classes? Not connecting socially with others? Feeling lost academically? Is the financial obligation too much to bear? If you expect to have an honest, adult conversation about dropping out, youll need to contribute your own honesty and maturity as well. Be Specific General statements, like I just dont like it, I dont want to be there, and I just want to come home, may be accurate, but theyre vague and therefore not very helpful. Additionally, your parents may not know how to respond to these kinds of general statements other than to tell you to get back to class. If, however, youre more specific- I need some time off from school to figure out what I want to study, I need a break right now academically and intellectually, Im concerned about how much this is costing- both you and your parents can have a constructive conversation about your concerns. Explain What Dropping Out Will Accomplish Dropping out has such a heavy feel to it because it is a very serious choice. To assuage their concerns, discuss with your parents what dropping out will accomplish. True, youll leave your current situation, but then what? While withdrawing from your current college or university might be appealing, it should be only one step in a longer, carefully thought-out process. What will you do instead? Will you work? Travel? Aim to re-enroll in a semester or two? The conversation should not just be about leaving college; it should also include what youre planning to do next. Be Aware of the Consequences Your parents will likely have a lot of questions for you about whats going to happen if you drop out. What are the financial consequences going to be? When will you have to start paying back your student loans, or can you put them on deferment? What will happen to the loan and grant money youve already accepted for this term? What about your lost credits? Can you re-enroll at your institution at a later time, or will you have to reapply for admission? What obligations will you still have for your living arrangements? While your heart and mind might be set on dropping out and leaving your current situation, your parents can be great resources for helping you keep your focus on whats most important. The key, however, is to fully engage and work in partnership with them to make the transition as painless as possible for everyone involved.

Introduction Business Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Introduction Business Law - Case Study Example Bahrain Consult is obliged to deliver the stated goods to Gulf Retailers premises and the person delivering the goods must confirm the receipt of purchase with the buyer. The contract provides an offer to buy or sell the goods fpor the acceptable price in relation to the offer given according to FOB terms. Bahrain Consult agreed to deliver the stated goods to Gulf Retailers according to the given specifications. Gulf retailers ordered for 300 tons of alluminium at a price of 500 Bahraini per ton. According to article 31 of the business contract law, the supplier is obliged to deliver the goods at the specified place, in the specified quantity and quality and in a timely manner. Article 35 also obliges the Bahrain to deliver the stated goods according to thequantity, quality,a nd other specified describtions. The law only applies if the quantity and time are fixed on the contract. Barhain Consult was bond by the contract that specified the specific goods and the specified quantity to be delivered between 11am and 3pm on Tuesdays. According to article 33, if the CIF contract states that the seller must deliver the goods before payments are made then the seller has no other obtion than to abide by the rule. Gulf Retailers agreed on the contract that Barhrain will recive a deposit of 250 Barhaini Dinars and the balance to be cleared upon arrival of goods. Both parties are bond by the contract and therefore, the buyer is obliged to collect the goods and pay for the balance as per the purchase price agreement. However, article 38 states that the seller has the authority to countercheck the goods with the purchase order before giving out the payments. It was agreed between thew two parties upon the delivery time and day. Article 34 of CIF act provides an obligation for the seller to deliver the goods at the time and place specified in the purchase order. Section II provides an obtion for the third-party to conform the goods and ensure they are delivered

Business Report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business - Lab Report Example As it is seen, the most of customers are between 31 and 50 years (58 %). The same percentage of customers are 20-30 years old and 51-60 years old (15 % and 18 % respectively). 9 % of the customers are older than 60. The same approach is used to estimate the percent frequency for the net sales. The minimum sale is 13.23 $, and the maximum sale is 287.59 $. Ten bins are defined and COUNTIF Excel function was used to determine the percent frequency distribution. The results are presented in the Table 4. 3. To get a cross tabulation of type of customer (regular or promotional) versus net sales it is necessary to separate net sales for these two groups and than define frequency for the established bins. As it is seen from the table for each sales region, the number of customers is greater for the group of promotional customers. The difference between two groups increases with the increase of net sales amount. For instance, the net sales for the region 13-40 $ is 1.7 times greater for the group of promotional customers; more than two times greater for the regions 40.01-68 $ and 68.01-96 $; and three times greater for the range 96.01-180 $. Net sales greater than 180 $ are only in the group of the promotional customers. The most of sales was made for the sum less than 124 $. Within this range, two times more sales were made in the group of the promotional customers. The following conclusions can be made based on the results of the statistical analysis. Most of customers are married women between 30-50 years and use Proprietary Card as a preferable payment method. More than a half of customers buy 1-2 items, and, typically the purchase amount is less than 124 $. As the promotional coupons were not sent to the regular clients, the promotion attracted more clients that are new. The amount of net sales for the group of the promotional customers is more than 2 times greater than for the group of the regular customers. Discounts also attracted the

Family Business and Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family Business and Business Management - Essay Example Many of the world’s leading publicly listed corporations are operating under the category of family business. For instance, corporate giants like Walmart, Samsung Group, Tata Group, and Foxconn are some of the well-known family businesses in the globe.   From the viewpoint of the family business consultant Schneider, there are eight major elements including purpose, structure, organizational culture and relationships rewards to shareholders, potential mechanisms in the organization, leadership, strategic and operational performance outcomes, and financial performance outcomes influencing the development of a healthy family business (para 4). The purpose is the factor determining the existence and long term sustainability of a family business. The major reason for the failure of many family businesses is that there exists ambiguity and lack of agreement on the vision, priorities, and goals of the business. Hence, a healthy family business will be characterized by clearly stated business goals and priorities. In addition, it is commonly seen that many family business ventures do not survive beyond the generation of the founders due to lack of foresightedness. In contrast to this, a strong family business will have a well-defined family philosophy that facilitates the continuation of the business beyond generations and sets a framework for the future operations of the company. According to Schneider, â€Å"structure is the architecture of grouping people in the family business† (para 5). The author continues that the structure of the family business has to necessarily fit the purpose and the current environment of the business.

White collar crimes Essay Example for Free

White collar crimes Essay This paper provides a detailed understanding behind the motives of people committing crimes. Researchers have named ―the people committing crime, where the crimes were minimal and confined to a particular area of administrationâ€â€" as Grass Eaters. People involved in white collar crimes and which has spread in almost all fields of business are termed as Meat Eaters. With the advent of technology and growth of education, white collar crimes are on the rise, being protected by professionals finding loopholes in the judiciary and support from the government indirectly. This has created a nexus where people from almost all walks of life have started forming group to do white collar crimes and being protected by professionals in law. This has lead to a situation where the small timers have become white collar criminals. Talking about the prevalence of white collar crimes in India, they are spreading like a rapid fire in every sphere of society. Though corruption, one of the species of white collar crimes, has been the most talked about issue in all spheres-social, economic and political, not much stringent steps/actions have been taken to curb this menace. Therefore the concern of this paper is to define white collar crime, study its historical development and formulate tentative solutions for eradicating the problem. This thought evolved with the Criminologist and Sociologist Edwin H. Sutherland, in the year 1939, who popularised the term â€â€"white collar crimes‘ by defining such a crime as one ―committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.â€â€" Sutherland also included crimes committed by corporations and other legal entities within his definition. Sutherland‘s study of white collar crime was prompted by the view that criminology had incorrectly focused on social and economic determinants of crime, such as family background and level of wealth. It is true to the common knowledge that there are certain professions which offer lucrative opportunities for criminal acts and unethical practises which is very often overlooked by the general mass of the society. There have been crooks and unethical persons in business, various other professions, who tend to become unscrupulous because of no reason apart from the thirst of gaining more and more for themselves. These deviants have least regard for ethical and moral human values. Therefore, www.indianresearchjournals.com INTRODUCTION IRJC International Journal of Social Science Interdisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 9, September 2012, ISSN 2277 3630 they carry on their illegal activities with impunity without the fear of loss of respect and prestige. These crimes are of the nature of â€â€"white collar crimes‘ which is the essential outcome of the development of the competent economy of the twenty-first century. CHRONOLOGICAL MILIEU OF THE EMERGENCE OF WHITE COLLAR CRIMES The earliest documented case of white-collar crime law dates back to 15th century is England. There has been a case popularly known as the Carrier‘s case of 1473, where the agent was entrusted to transport wool and he attempted to steal some of it for him. Therefore the Star Chamber and Exchequer Chamber of the English Court of Law adopted the â€â€"breaking bulk‘ doctrine as it constituted the crime of larceny. However, the growth of industrial capitalism in the eighteenth century ushered a new history of crime and criminality. The very base of industrial capitalism is based on coercion and robbery. Now, before we discuss the topic let us understand the meaning of capitalism The street crime, especially snatching and motor vehicle theft, relatively down compared to 2010, the year 2011 truly belonged to the faceless white-collar criminals. The numbers of such criminals arrested by the crime branch this year saw a massive increase — 108 per cent — as 148 people were arrested for dabbling in white-collar crime as opposed to just 71 in 2010. ―In all, around 20 organised white-collar rackets were busted last year and cash and valuables, amounting to R4.5 crore, thousands of mobile phones used in the commission of criminal activity and three dozen vehicles were recovered,â€â€" said a senior police officer. The list includes perpetrators of lottery fraud, fake recruitment racketeers, ATM fraudsters, travel agents, property dealers, agents promising fake court affidavits and death certificates as well as both men and women operating fake friendship clubs. Meanwhile, the Economic Offences Wing (EoW) of the Delhi Police arrested more than . WHITE COLLAR CRIMES IN INDIA www.indianresearchjournals.com The process of emergence of these conditioned was termed by Karl Marx as primitive accumulation‘ while in the words of Adam Smith, it was â€â€"previous accumulation.‘ Therefore, the Dutch Marxist, William Bonger contended that criminal attitude develops among the working class under capitalism due to conditions of misery and at the same time the criminal attitude develops among the bourgeoisie from the avarice fostered when capitalism strives.It succeeded in United States of America in 1890, when Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which took the initiative to make the monopolistic trade illegal. Other industrialized countries like Great Britain had a history of penalties involving whitecollar crime by that time, but it was not as sweeping as the Sherman Act. Some nations implemented a smattering of these laws, known as competition or antitrust law, but did not have a strong binding force for a long time. But more anti-white-collar crime sentiment rose in the late 19th century and early 20th century in the United States as a result of a group of journalists known as muckrakers. They laid much focus on the prevalent stock fraud, insurance fraud and underhanded practices of monopolistic companies that had grabbed under the Sherman Act. The muckrakers‘ exposes gave rise to public resentment and thereby called for in some reform. By 1914, Congress attempted to solidify and strengthen the sentiment laid down by the Sherman Act, which was used against labour unions, with the Clayton Antitrust Act. This Act was much stricter and went much further than the Sherman Act in making particular monopolistic practices illegal. IRJC International Journal of Social Science Interdisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 9, September 2012, ISSN 2277 3630 criminals in 1,358 cases ranging from those of land grabbing to fake job rackets and attached property valued at amounts estimated to be between Rs. 350 to Rs. 500 crore. ―This year, we focused more on individual cases as opposed to those in which several persons were victimised. We got more manpower,â€â€" said Vivek Gogia, joint CP (EoW). White collar crimes are to be considered as a global phenomenon to which India is no exception. As discussed earlier, white collar crimes emerged in India with the advent of the British colonisation during the period of industrial capitalism. Prior to that, instances of men working with the District treasury embezzling with the money kept under his safe custody or bribing practiced among the officials were found. Therefore, the white collar crimes were confined to this limit. Thus, the people indulging in the white collar crimes then can to said to be mere â€â€"grass eaters‘ the people in the modern times have reached the stage of â€â€"meat-eaters‘. WHITE COLLAR -LEGAL PROFESSION WHITE COLLAR – MEDICAL In India, the white collar crimes are so wide spread that it does not confine itself in the legal arena. Similar unfortunate instances can be drawn from other professions too, like that of medical practitioners, engineers, educationalists, businessmen, politicians and the list goes on. The medical practitioners are often found involved in issuance of false certificates, carrying out illegal abortions, selling out sample drugs and medicine, even in some cases adulterated drugs and medicines to the patients. Dilatory tactics are often adopted by them in providing treatment to their patients with a menswear to extract huge amount of money, no matter the person has good practice. Some of the notorious instances are like that of Nithari 159 The instances of white collar crimes committed in the Indian society by the lawyers, there lie the shameful illustrations of Magistrates and judges involved in committing crimes. They in the name of interpreting the laws often act as the protective shield for the goons having or not-having any political colour and allow them to go free whereas they should have been subjected to deterrence. It is the most unfortunate situation at the same time devastating, because here the crimes are committed by those individuals who are being given by the State the responsibility to ensure justice. www.indianresearchjournals.com The white collar crimes became a phenomenon to be reckoned with industrial revolution. Modern industrial capitalist economy which evolved with time became complex in nature as it developed a growing commercial nexus among insurance, banking, stocks and related corporate matters. This in turn, gave rise to critical legal intricacies relating to property rights and other legal matters which paved the way for the birth of a new class of professionals of advocates who in the name of providing justice started abetting in the wrong and thereby pursued their own narrow interest. A large number of advocates evolved, who forget the pious oath of serving the society and started looking for the legal loopholes and concentrated mainly in helping out the rich entrepreneurs to grow richer. They made extensive study to try out ways for maximum tax evasion for these rich corporate personalities as well as for themselves. The white collar crimes committed by these legal practitioners only confines in sorting out illegal methods of tax-evasion. There are very frequent instances of unscrupulous and unethical practices like that of fabricating false evidence, engaging professional witnesses, thereby violating ethical standards of legal profession and dilatory tactics in collusion with the ministerial staff of the courts. IRJC International Journal of Social Science Interdisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 9, September 2012, ISSN 2277 3630 case, where the medical professionals put up before the society the optimum level of brutal character they can reach for the crave of making money. Misleading and fake advertisement claiming absolute cure is also one of the frequent malpractices being carried out in the medical profession. The problem lies in the fact that, they often escape punishment, since they cannot be said to have violated the letter of law, but, by violating the spirit of law, they commit crimes which are truly anti-social and creates enormous damage to the public health and safety at large. WHITE COLLAR-ENGINEERING Speaking of the engineers‘ role in having their role to play in white collar crimes, we often find instances of underhand dealing with contractors, suppliers, passing of sub-standard works and maintenance of bogus reports of the labour works. They financially earn more for their low grade works from the contractors, than they can earn for the genuine work. Therefore, many of them, out of the greed of earning more and more, play dangerously with thousands of lives of the individuals. WHITE COLLAR-EDUCATION The matter comes to the white collar crimes educational institutions do come in the league to operate with impunity. A nastier role is played by the private institutions that are least bothered in providing the education, but only concentrate of making business at the cost of the children‘s future. Even rackets operate in these institutions for procuring students to appear in the examinations on the basis of manipulated eligibility certificates, thereby damaging the standard of education in India. When it comes to the Governmental institutions, the teachers and staffs of the institutions are often found to be involved in unscrupulous practices, since they can hardly make fortune from the inadequate salary they receive from the government. Teachers often drag the students for taking private tuitions and even go to the extent of blackmailing them of ruining their future, if they deny doing so. These are only a handful of instances of white collar crimes practiced in day to day life by certain professionals in the course of their profession. The major role in committing white collar crimes are played by the business tycoons and politicians, whose greed and wants multiply with the more they acquire. In India, whenever any major scandal comes to the media focus, a through investigation always finds an unlawful involvement of political parties in it. So far as the businessmen are concerned, their acts of white collar crimes go beyond count. They are termed as the corporate criminals who more often than not,are involved in illegal contracts, combination and conspiracies of trade restraints, unfair labour practices, selling of adulterated foods and drugs, bribing of public officials so on and so forth. They take advantage of the corporate veil and indulged in a number of crimes. The recent Satyam scam case is one of the worth-mentioning illustrations, where it was seen how an individual, hiding himself in the veil of incorporation, indulge in defrauding crores of money. WHITE COLLAR- UNIVERSAL www.indianresearchjournals.com WHITE COLLAR-CORPORATE 160 The white collar crimes are often master minded and are carried out in a planned manner by technocrats in the form of scams, frauds, etc. facilitated by technological advancements. In IRJC International Journal of Social Science Interdisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 9, September 2012, ISSN 2277 3630 these types of offences not only the individual is being with pecuniary loss but also, such offences like peddling drugs and narcotic substances, counterfeiting of currency, financial scams are some of the crimes which evoke serious concern and impact to the national security and governance. Violation of foreign exchange regulations and import and export laws are frequently resorted to for the sake of huge profits. WHITE COLLAR- SOCIETY The major white collar crime very common among the individuals, no matter he/she belongs to the middle or upper strata of the society is that of evading taxes. The complexity of the taxation laws provided a number of loopholes through which many individuals tried to escape. A tax-evasion has known no professional or class boundary in our country. Be it an engineer, doctor, advocate, a business tycoon or a simple small industry trader-all have learnt the trick of evading taxes. The main difficulty posed before the Income Tax Department is to acquire true information of the real and exact income of these professionals. It is often alleged that only an insignificant amount of their total income is posed a income before the Income Tax Department and the rest therefore goes into the circulation as black money. The frequent modifications in the tax-laws of the country has been able to add very little to put a check on this continuing menace which is throwing a great negative impact in the Governmental revenue and thereby the growth of the country. INDIA CRIME AND FRAUD IN WHITE COLLAR 2010-2011 Annual Global Fraud Survey report of Kroll conducted by Economist Intelligence Unit gives expected results. Fraud continues to be a big problem worldwide and more so in India. Of the companies surveyed, globally 75% reported experiencing fraud during the year. Though the figure has reduced in comparison to previous year‘s 88%, the situation is still dismal. The chart below compares the top six fraud categories at global level with India. In most of the cases, India is doing much worse than its global counterparts are. Worldwide management conflict of interest, internal financial fraud, corruption and bribery and vendor procurement related frauds have increased. Physical theft of assets and information theft decreased. Indian business crucial pain points are corruption and bribery, information theft, internal financial fraud, financial mismanagement and vendor procurement. www.indianresearchjournals.com In India, the situation is disastrous, with 84% organizations reporting that they suffered from fraud during the year. It is wake-up call for India, as it is ranked second worldwide after Africa and shares the position with China. The report answers the most relevant question relating to fraud – what is the loss caused by fraud? The estimated figure given in the report is that globally organizations suffered 2.1% revenue loss due to fraud. For India, the percentage is higher at 2.4%. Further analysis available in the report says that 18% of the companies reported an earnings loss of more than 4%. A quarter of these most affected companies suffered losses more than 10%. These companies are reporting corruption, bribery, money laundering and regulatory breaches frequently. However, they are doing nothing about it. The lack of fraud prevention and investigation measures is causing huge losses in these companies. Indian companies are ill prepared to the fight fraud menace. Just 50% companies have background screening, third-party due diligence and other fraud prevention measures in place. In my view, India does not have adequately trained fraud investigators as part of the risk management teams. Overall, the focus is on financial statements audits and internal audits. These audits are not done to detect frauds. Management finds it hard to accept this fact that internal employees and related parties conduct most frauds. The report mentions that insiders conducted 60% of the frauds globally. That is, 28% junior employees, 21% senior employees and 11% third-party agents conducted frauds. In India, 59% of the frauds were conducted by internal sources. The frauds conducted by senior employees cause more damage to the company. Not only are the financial figures larger, the reputation damage is huge. However, the companies in India still do not have adequate focus on internal controls and management controls. However, government has initiated some steps to address the high level of frauds in Indian private sector. In my view, the Indian government‘s decision to give more power to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) in the new Companies Bill is a step in the right direction. SFIO will be in a position to conduct more investigations, arrests, raids and seizures. This would put some brakes on the escalating financial fraud cases in India. Therefore, Indian government must improve governance and take strict action against the offenders. Comptroller Auditor General is showing the way forward, the need of the hour is for political parties to have the spirit to clean up the mess. The private sector must implement fraud prevention measures and focus on ethics to reduce frauds. Both sectors have to collaborate to minimize fraud risks in India. The reasons of justifications are there for the methods used for the control of white collar crimes, the ambivalence of the social response to this sort is so related to wider social factors which have both objective and subjective dimensions. As has been so mentioned a more subjective source of ambivalence in the social response to white collar crimes is the assumption that there is less public concern about these behaviours so termed as white collar crimes, and therefore there is a less support for severe sanctions than in the cases of crimes which are traditional street crimes. But even if there was greater public ambivalence towards white collar crimes in comparison to the traditional crimes, writers such as Box has regarded this as a further challenge â€â€"to sensitize people to not seeing processes in which they are victimised disasters or accidents.‘ Therefore, the motto should always be prevention is better than cure. Since the acts involved defrauding public faith and belief, public as a whole mass should come forward to protect the whole society from these greedy people who are destroying the ethics and morality of the society slowly and slowly for their sole aim of pursuing narrow self 2. †¢ Williams Frank. P., â€â€"Criminology Theory‘, Andersen Publication 3. †¢ Mishra R., â€â€"Criminal Psychology‘, Sunit Enterprises, 2006 4. †¢ â€â€"Criminal liability of corporate bodies‘ by Vikas Garg 5. †¢ â€â€"Conference report on white collar crimes‘, by Godwin Kunda 6. †¢ â€â€"Report on White-collar Crimes‘ by International Monetary Fund 7. †¢ â€â€"White-collar crimes- (Talk delivered in the DST Programme on Forensic 8. Laboratories on 02.05.99)‘ by N. Vittal, Central Vigilance Commissioner 9. http://www.businessinsider.com/four-shocking-misconceptions-about-whitecollared-crime-2012-3 164 1. †¢ Ratanlal Dhirajlal, â€â€"The Indian Penal Code‘, 30th edition 2006,Wadhwa www.indianresearchjournals.com